International Financial Reporting Standards free essay sample

How should NeedsSpace account for the two obligations noted as provisions in the lease agreement? ? Provision 1: â€Å"Lessor may require the lessee to perform general repairs and maintenance on the leased premises. † By entering the lease agreement, NeedsSpace (the lessee) becomes legally and contractually responsible for performing general repair and maintenance on the leased premises. Assuming that the lessee is required to make deposits to financially protect the lessor concerning the maintenance obligation by setting up a reserve, the guidance in ASC 840-10-05-9A through 840-10-05-9C states that the maintenance reserve shall be recognized as a deposit asset and reimbursed later when the required repair and maintenance is completed by the lessee. However, the provision in the lease agreement does not call upon the lessee to make deposits but simply requires the lessee to perform repair and maintenance on the leased premises. Alternative 1: Accrual Method Since there is a contractual liability for the lessee to perform general repair and maintenance, the maintenance requirement provision may be assumed as a present economic obligation, not just a future commitment. We will write a custom essay sample on International Financial Reporting Standards or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If the fair value estimate of future maintenance expense can be measured with sufficient reliability, the provision may lead to recognition of an accrued liability for the repair and maintenance performance obligation at the inception of the lease. The accrued liability for the repair and maintenance can be reversed when payment is made or liability is created through the performance of the required repair and maintenance. Alternative 2: Direct expense method Another way to treat this provision would be not to recognize at the inception of the lease but directly expense the costs when the required maintenance is performed. Regarding the accrual method in Alternative 1, ASC 360-15-25-5 prescribes that â€Å"the use of accrue-in-advance (accrual) method of accounting for planned maintenance activities is prohibited in annual and interim financial reporting periods. This is consistent to FASB’s opinion shown in FSP AUG Air-1, which concludes that planned maintenance activities does not meet the definition of liability, and accrual method should not be used to account for those maintenance activities. FASB’s reasoning implies that accrual is not allowed as long as the definition of liability is met, even though the demand of maintenance is highly expected from the past experiences and the maintenance is planned accordingly. Although the AUG Air-1 allows the use of capitalization method and direct expensing method in the Airline industry practices, the maintenance requirement provision in the lease agreement above would be qualified for direct expensing treatment only, since â€Å"general† repair and maintenance would be expected to maintain the usability of the leased premises but not to increase their useful lives nor to provide other future benefits. Unless there is positive future benefit involved, repair and maintenance expense shall not be capitalized. Recommendation The appropriate accounting treatment of the provision depends on whether it meets the definition of a liability. The maintenance requirement provision in the lease agreement simply asks for the performance of general repair and maintenance by the lessee. However, it still is uncertain whether the situation demands repair and maintenance would actually occur; and how much costs would be incurred. Based on these facts and circumstances, it seems that the provision does not meet the definition of a liability. According to the most recent Project Update of Conceptual Framework – Elements and Recognition (Phase B), a liability should be an â€Å"unconditional† economic obligation, but the repair and maintenance requirement by the provision may not be â€Å"unconditional† in that the required maintenance would be performed only when it’s needed. Consequently, Alternative 2 is recommended, and the required repair and maintenance costs shall be expensed when actually incurred. Comparison to IFRS In IFRS, the maintenance requirement provision in the lease agreement may be considered as a contingent liability. In IAS 37, a contingent liability is defined as â€Å"a present obligation that arises from past events but is not recognized because (i) it is not probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation; or (2) the amount of the obligation cannot be measured with sufficient reliability. † Since the provision simply clarifies who is responsible for the repair and maintenance and not specifies the amount paid for the maintenance, the present obligation from the provision would not be recognized. A contingent liability under IFRS shall not be recognized but disclosed in the financial statements with a brief description of the nature, an estimate of financial effect, and an indication of the uncertainties involved. , and the possibility of an of contingent liability. ? Provision 2: â€Å"Lessor may require the lessee to remove all leasehold improvements such that the premise is reinstated to original condition. According to ASC 840-10-35-6, leasehold improvements in operating lease are capitalized and amortized over the shorter of (1) the useful life of the assets and (2) lease term, considering required lease periods and renewals. In the lease agreement above, no renewal option is provided; and the lease term of 10 years happens to be the same to the economic useful lives of the leasehold improvements. Therefore, the lessee’s expenditure for leasehold improvements should be capitalized and amortized over 10 years. Arguably, the fastest way to expense the costs related to this restoration requirement would be to treat the provision as a probable loss contingency situation with reasonably estimable loss amount. However, the lessee has neither the option to renew the lease nor the ability to negotiate for renewal. It means the loss from the removal of the leasehold improvements will certainly occur when the lease term expires in 10 years. In this vein, the restoration provision in the lease agreement may not be considered as a â€Å"contingency† situation. Although the amount of the obligation is less than certain, the amount is just an estimate, not a loss contingency with uncertainty regarding the realization of the loss itself per ASC 450-10-05-6. Accordingly, contingency treatment is ruled out in this case. Alternative 1: Asset retirement obligation method The lessee may consider that, due to the leasehold improvements removal provision in the lease agreement, a contractual obligation is created to restore the leased premise’s original condition when its lease term expires. Per ASC 410-25-25-4, this asset retirement obligation (ARO) should be recorded as a liability at its fair value when it is incurred and reasonably estimable. ASC 410-20-15-3(e) also prescribes that if conditional obligations of a lessee exist to perform a retirement activity in connection with leased property, the lessee shall account for the obligation as ARO unless it meet the definition of â€Å"either minimum lease payments or contingent rentals in paragraphs 840-10-25-4 through 25-7. Since the provision requires the performance of not the payment for – restoration to the original condition, it may not be included in the minimum lease payments. Consequently, the restoration requirement provision in the agreement may be accounted as ARO by the lessee. If the provision is considered as ARO, the fair value of a liability for ARO shall be recognized by increasing the carrying amount of the capitalized leasehold improvements per ASC 410-20-25-5. When the carrying amount of ARO changes after initial measurement or the related expense is made, they should be shown as an operating expense in the income statements per ASC 410-20-45-1. In addition, ASC 410-20-50 asks the lessee to make the following disclosures: * General description of ARO related to the leasehold improvements * Reconciliation of carrying amounts whenever there is a significant change in the components of (1) liability incurred, (2) liability settled, (3) accretion expense, and (4) revision in estimated cash flow. Alternative 2: Direct expense method Instead of recognizing as a liability, the lessee may consider the restoration cost as an expense to finish up the lease contract. If the lessee is allowed to pay the costs for removing its leasehold improvements to the lessor at the end of the lease term, the payment may be considered as executory costs, which happen to be incurred at the end of the operating lease. Executory costs, as indirectly defined in ASC 840-10-25-5, include costs such as insurance and maintenance expenses; and are normally recognized when incurred. Similarly, the costs to remove the leasehold improvements may be expensed when incurred at the end of the lease term. Recommendation Between the two alternative accounting treatment options above, ARO approach in Alternative 1 is recommended. Restoration requirement in the provision meets all the recognition criteria in SFAC No. 5 in that the provision in the lease agreement does create a legal obligation and a reliable measurement of the liability is attainable. Although the costs to be paid in the future related to the restoration would not be a fixed amount, it does not prevent per ASC 410-20-55-14 to determine the reasonable estimate of fair value for ARO. Therefore, the lessee shall recognize the ARO at the inception of the lease and amortize the restoration costs over the lease term. Comparison to IFRS In IFRS, the obligation to remove the leasehold improvements is referred as â€Å"decommissioning, restoration and similar liabilities† in IFRIC Interpretation 1. Similar to the way ARO increases the carrying amount of the related leasehold improvements, Subparagraph 16(c) of IAS 16 requires that initial estimate of restoration cost is included in the cost of the property, plant, and equipment item (assuming that the property is not used in the process of producing inventory). Consistent to the use of fair value in ARO to reflect the uncertainties in timing and amount of the liability, IAS 37 requires that the present value (if time value of money effect is material) of â€Å"the best estimate† is used to measure the restoration provision. Also, the carrying amount of the provision, including its reconciliation between beginning and ending balance, should be disclosed.

Free Essays on Scarlet Letter

Scarlett Letter In the Scarlet Letter, the author uses many different types of symbols to show what he has experienced as a young man, and what he has to say about the society during his time. The different settings of the story are ways in which he describes his environment and how it has treated him as a child. One symbol he uses a lot was the scarlet letter. The scarlet letter takes on different meanings as the course of the story progresses. It also takes on various appearances and symbolism.The letter changes from meaning 3adultery2 into meaning 3able.2 Not only does the letter symbolize Hester1s punishment, but it also serves as different personal meanings to the various characters in the story such as Chillingworth, Dimmesdale, and Pearl to name a few. In the Scarlet Letter, there are many different forms of the letter A , not only that, but the letter A also acquires a variety of meanings. Hawthorne describes the prison as 3the black flower of civilized society2 (p.48) Here he uses the build ings to describe the crime and punishment of his early life. And by using the symbol of a tombstone at the end of the story, he1s probably trying to say that crime and cruel punishment could lead to your death. He also uses the grass plot, saying that it is 3much overgrown with burdock,....and such unsightly vegetation2 (p.48) which symbolizes the things that make people corrupt and why these lead to them being in prison. He also uses the wild rosebush to symbolize 3....sweet moral blossom, that may be found along the track, or relieve the darkening close of a tale of human frailty and sorrow.2 (p.48). The author also gives somewhat of a dim, chill, social, unkind atmosphere to Puritanism. In Chapter 2 he describes by saying 3like a black shadow...grim and grisly...with a sword by his side, and his staff of office in his hand.2 (p.52).The letter A appears in a variety of forms and appearances. It is the elaborately gold-embroidered A on He... Free Essays on Scarlet Letter Free Essays on Scarlet Letter Evil In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Writings Nathaniel Hawthorne, author of The Scarlet Letter and â€Å"Rappaccini’s Daughter†, uses the concept of evil as a main theme in some of his stories. â€Å"Rappaccini’s Daughter† is not a simple story focusing on a clear line separating good from evil. Instead, the story focuses on the gray area where good and evil overlap. In Rappaccini’s Daughter, Rappaccini, a scientist who â€Å"cares more for science than for mankind’, makes a solution to keep his daughter pure forever, therefore he is considered the evil in the story. In the Scarlet Letter, Roger Chillingworth is considered the evil, even though one could argue that many of the main characters in the story are sinners or are evil including all of the townspeople. The concept of evil is also shown in contrast to the concept of good in both stories. In The Scarlet Letter, one can argue that it is a romance as well as an evil novel, same can be said with â€Å"Rappaccini’s Da ughter†, where they contrast between beauty and evil. In Rappaccini’s Daughter, the theme that any man who touches Rappaccini’s daughter, without his approval will die, gives the story a sense thrill and evil. Rappaccini’s love for science gives him an image of a mad scientist, who sacrifices moral values in exchange for knowledge. He distorts nature and corrupts his daughter in order to satisfy his arrogant pride. This may be considered as pure evil, but he does this actually thinking that his daughter would benefit from his scientific experiment. In my opinion, this was a quest for knowledge and the need for power. By isolating his daughter, Rappaccini knew he could keep her ignorant and dependent upon him. The immense power he has given his daughter is ultimately for his own use and not to protect her.... Free Essays on Scarlet Letter The Scarlet Letter centers round the consequences of sin, especially shame and guilt. It is to be noted that the sin of adultery is, in itself, not the subject matter of the novel. In fact, the novel opens after the sin has been committed and Pearl, the offspring of the sinful, but natural, union is three months old. As Hawthorne himself states in the opening chapter, the novel is about human weakness and its resulting sorrow. Hawthorne's focus of attention is the effect the sin has on Hester and Dimmesdale. They constantly suffer from shame and guilt throughout the novel. Both of them lead joyless lives. Dimmesdale, however, suffers much more intensely than Hester. Hester is made to publicly acknowledge her sin. A scarlet letter "A" is permanently placed on her dress to symbolize her adultery, and she is made to stand on the scaffold with her baby for several hours of public humiliation. She becomes a social outcast of the Puritan society and lives in isolation on the outskirts of town. Pearl, her lively and uncontrollable daughter, is the daily living proof of Hester's sin. With pride, she dresses her daughter in brightly colored clothing and holds her on head up high. She also concerns herself with doing acts of charity and kindnesses for other people. Even though her life is difficult and drab, Hester, through her own doing, rises about the scarlet letter "A" on her chest. In complete contrast to Hester, Dimmesdale does not publicly confess his sin, and it eats away at him bit by bit. His health begins to fail, and his body is seized by nervousness. He hints at his sinfulness in the pulpit, but his congregation simply assumes he is being humble and honors him even more; this only increases his sense of shame and guilt. Chillingworth, who realizes that Dimmesdale is Pearl's father, adds to the minister's torture. Under the guise of help, the evil physician torments Dimmesdale daily. ... Free Essays on Scarlet Letter Chapter One: The Prison Door Summary A large crowd of Puritans stands outside of the prison, waiting for the door to open. The prison is described as a, "wooden jail...already marked with weather-stains and other indications of age which gave a yet darker aspect to its beetle-browed and gloomy front." The iron on the prison is rusting and creates an overall appearance of decay. Outside of the building, next to the door, a rosebush stands in full bloom. Hawthorne remarks that it is possible, "this rosebush...had sprung up under the footsteps of the sainted Ann Hutchinson, as she entered the prison door." He then plucks one of the roses and offers it to the reader as a "moral blossom" to be found later in the story. Chapter Two: The Market Place Summary The crowd in front of the jail is a mixture of men and women, all maintaining severe looks of disapproval. Several of the women begin to discuss Hester Prynne, and soon vow that Hester would not have received such a light sentence for her crime if they had been the judges. One woman, the ugliest of the group, goes so far as to advocate death for Hester. Hester emerges from the prison with elegance and a lady-like air to her movements. She clutches her three month old daughter, Pearl. She has sown a large scarlet "A" over her breast, using her finest skill to make the badge of shame appear to be a decoration. Several of the women are outraged when they see how she has chosen to display the letter, and want to rip it off. Hester is led through the crowd to the scaffold of the pillory. She ascends the stairs and stands, now fully revealed to the crowd, in her position of shame and punishment for the next few hours. Hawthorne compares her beauty and elegance while on the scaffold to an image of Madonna and Child, or Divine Maternity. The ordeal is strenuous and difficult for Hester. She tries to make the images in front of her vanish by thinking about her past. It is revealed ... Free Essays on Scarlet Letter Hawthorne’s introduction to the Scarlet Letter explains his experience(s) in his native town of Salem. He specifies what his goal for the reader is going to be. Spending a lot of his time at the Custom-House (a governmental building in Salem) he describes the atmosphere and diversities of the people who walk up those granite steps. His reason for creating the Custom- House short novel was to introduce a group of short works as well as the long story which was not yet completed, however, his publisher James Fields encouraged Hawthorne to let â€Å"The Scarlet Letter† stand alone. In his native town of Salem, he describes the Custom-House as a sort of old, unattractive building. He elaborates the physical sense of the buildings exterior with the American flag that hangs vertically and the banner of the republic on the roof which he describes as it â€Å"floats or droops, in breeze or calm.† But he gives an in-depth description of the bald eagle that hangs proudly over the entrance of the building. He states â€Å"......to warn all citizens, careful of their safety, against intruding on the premises which she overshadows with her wings: nevertheless, vixenly as she looks, many people are seeking, at this very moment, to shelter themselves under the wing of the federal eagle.† The many different people that came to the Custom-House as Hawthorne exclaims â€Å"made it a stirring scene.† as many as three to four vessels would arrive at a time usually from Africa or South America. They would come into the Custom-House tired and exhausted from long days on their voyages at sea.... Free Essays on Scarlet Letter Scarlett Letter In the Scarlet Letter, the author uses many different types of symbols to show what he has experienced as a young man, and what he has to say about the society during his time. The different settings of the story are ways in which he describes his environment and how it has treated him as a child. One symbol he uses a lot was the scarlet letter. The scarlet letter takes on different meanings as the course of the story progresses. It also takes on various appearances and symbolism.The letter changes from meaning 3adultery2 into meaning 3able.2 Not only does the letter symbolize Hester1s punishment, but it also serves as different personal meanings to the various characters in the story such as Chillingworth, Dimmesdale, and Pearl to name a few. In the Scarlet Letter, there are many different forms of the letter A , not only that, but the letter A also acquires a variety of meanings. Hawthorne describes the prison as 3the black flower of civilized society2 (p.48) Here he uses the build ings to describe the crime and punishment of his early life. And by using the symbol of a tombstone at the end of the story, he1s probably trying to say that crime and cruel punishment could lead to your death. He also uses the grass plot, saying that it is 3much overgrown with burdock,....and such unsightly vegetation2 (p.48) which symbolizes the things that make people corrupt and why these lead to them being in prison. He also uses the wild rosebush to symbolize 3....sweet moral blossom, that may be found along the track, or relieve the darkening close of a tale of human frailty and sorrow.2 (p.48). The author also gives somewhat of a dim, chill, social, unkind atmosphere to Puritanism. In Chapter 2 he describes by saying 3like a black shadow...grim and grisly...with a sword by his side, and his staff of office in his hand.2 (p.52).The letter A appears in a variety of forms and appearances. It is the elaborately gold-embroidered A on He... Free Essays on Scarlet Letter Secret Sin Leads to Guilt In â€Å"The Scarlet Letter†, Hawthorne depicts a way of life that no longer exists in today’s society. It was a society of fear in a strict moral code. The morals, which were based on religious beliefs, were usually taken too seriously and gave birth to a generation of extremists known as puritans. Many puritans had ridiculously harsh punishments when a law was broken which caused many to live secretly. Secrets are never revealed or told to others in the puritan community. When Chillingworth says to Dimmesdale â€Å"Yet some men bury their secrets thus† it shows to what extent puritans would go to keep their sins hidden from the public (Hawthorne 130). The fact that Dimmesdale could not tell anyone what he had done for fear of punishment and rejection is clearly shown by Chillingworths’ tormenting comments. Once secrets were out everyone in the community knew about it immediately. Hester cannot even bring herself to tell her own daughter the true reason for the scarlet letter, which seems everyone but Pearl knows. Hester states, â€Å"I will keep thy secret, as I have his† which shows her intent on keeping her secret (Hawthorne 45). Many of these secrets are somewhat acceptable in our society, which contrasts the different generations. In today’s world many people commit sins on a daily basis without feeling guilty. Things such as adultery seem a trivial matter because it is not considered illegal. When the third matron says â€Å"At the very least, they should have put the brand of hot iron on Hester Prynne’s forehead† it shows how serious adultery is taken to the puritans. These strong beliefs ruined many people’s lives due to living a lie in order to escape the people’s harshness. Dimmesdale kept his relationship with Hester a secret, which ultimately kills him. If Dimmesdale had been able to speak freely of his sin, the guilt and stress that built up inside of him would have dimin... Free Essays on Scarlet Letter The Pariah â€Å"†¦The talk of the neighboring townspeople, who, seeking vainly elsewhere for the child’s paternity, and observing some of her odd attributes, had given out that poor little Pearl was a demon offspring†¦Ã¢â‚¬  – page 95 of Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter. Since Pearl had no known father, the townspeople gossiped freely of Hester and her Pearl. Because Dimmesdale was not revealed as her father until later in the novel, Pearl suffered the early years of her life as an outcast. Pearl was taunted and stared at by other children. She was even almost taken away from Hester as a toddler. Despite being born of shameful beginnings, Pearl overcomes her lowly status as an outcast; although she is labeled as the â€Å"witch child† of an ignominious mother, does not get a clear explanation of her origin until the day of her father’s death, and when she does, it changes her fate as the â€Å"under-dog†. Everyone has been teased in his or her lifetime. Some forms are harmless, and others are down right cruel. Teasing pertains to Pearl because she is teased unmercifully by the Puritan children. â€Å"†¦ The children of the Puritans looked up from their play†¦ and spoke gravely one to another: ‘Behold, verily, there is the woman of the scarlet letter, and, of a truth, moreover, there is the likeness of the scarlet letter running along by her side! Come, therefore, and let us fling mud at them!’† (98). Since Pearl senses that she is an outcast, she scares the Puritan children by jabbering indistinctly and making wild gestures while shrieking. This causes the nobles of the town to question Hester’s values in child rearing. Pearl, however, beats all odds and is a success story. Ard 2 The magistrate asks Pearl a simple question, â€Å"Canst thou tell me, my child, who made thee?† –(107). Pearl replies that she had not been made at all, but that she had been plucked off the wild rosebush that grew by the prison d... Free Essays on Scarlet Letter Scarlet Letter The Scarlet Letter The book The Scarlet Letter is all about symbolism. People and objects are symbolic of events and thoughts. Throughout the course of the book, Nathaniel Hawthorne uses Hester, Pearl, and Arthur Dimmesdale to signify Puritanic and Romantic philosophies. Hester Prynne, through the eyes of the Puritans, is an extreme sinner; she has gone against the Puritan ways, committing adultery. For this irrevocably harsh sin, she must wear a symbol of shame for the rest of her life. However, the Romantic philosophies of Hawthorne put down the Puritanic beliefs. She is a beautiful, young woman who has sinned, but is forgiven. Hawthorne portrays Hester as "divine maternity" and she can do no wrong. Not only Hester, but the physical scarlet letter, a Puritanical sign of disownment, is shown through the author's tone and diction as a beautiful, gold and colorful piece. Pearl, Hester's child, is portrayed Puritanically, as a child of sin who should be treated as such, ugly, evil,and shamed. The reader more evidently notices that Hawthorne carefully, and sometimes not subtly at all, places Pearl above the rest. She wears colorful clothes, is extremely smart, pretty, and nice. More often than not, she shows her intelligence and free thought, a trait of the Romantics. One of Pearl's favorite activities is playing with flowers and trees. (The reader will recall that anything affiliated with the forest was evil to Puritans.To Hawthorne, however, the forest was beautiful and natural.) "And she was gentler here [the forest] than in the grassy-margined streets of the settlement, or in her mother's cottage. The flowers appeared to know it" (194)Pearl fit in with natural things. Also, Pearl is always effervescent and joyous, which is definitely a negative to the Puritans. Pearl is a virtual shouting match between the Puritanical views and the Romantic ways. To most, but especially the Puritans, one of the most import...

High School English Courses Needed for College

High School English Courses Needed for College English is perhaps the only high school subject for which colleges almost universally require or recommend a full four years of study. The college admissions officers will expect you to have strong writing and reading skills since these are at the heart of college success whether youre an engineer or a history major. This is also why many colleges require students to take courses in writing as part of a general education requirement- strong writing and communication skills are important for nearly every major and career. In fact, many high schools require students to take four years of English classes for exactly that reason. Samples of Different English Requirements Different colleges word their English requirements differently, but as the examples below illustrate, nearly all want to see four years of high school English: Carleton College: The strongest applicants will have completed four years of English, and at a minimum the college wants to see three years of coursework with an emphasis on writing.MIT: The institute wants to see applicants who have a strong academic foundation in high school that includes four years of English.NYU:  The university notes that the best prepared students have taken four years of English with an emphasis on writing.Stanford: Stanford does not have any requirement for English preparation, but the university states that the best prepared applicants have completed four years of English with a significant emphasis on writing and literature.UCLA: The universitys admissions folks will be looking for four years of college preparatory English that include the reading of classic and modern literature along with frequent and regular writing. Like many schools on this list, UCLA doesnt want to see more than one year of ESL-type course work.  Williams College: Williams has no absolute requirements for English study, but the admissions folks tend to admit students who have a distinguished record in a four-year sequence of English coursework.   Notice that many of these colleges specifically emphasize writing-intensive English courses. There is no exact definition of what makes a high school English course writing-intensive, and your school may not have denoted their courses as such. If a large part of your high school English course was focused on developing writing techniques and style, it will probably count toward a colleges writing-intensive course requirement. English Requirement vs. Recommendation It is also important to remember that, while many schools may recommend four years of English rather than require it, colleges look more favorably upon applicants who have met or exceeded the recommended guidelines. A strong high school record is the best indicator of your potential performance in college, and it almost always the most important part of your entire college application. Admissions officers are looking for students who challenge themselves in their coursework, not those who simply meet the minimum recommendations. The table below summarizes the recommended or required English coursework for a range of colleges and universities. School English Requirement Auburn University 4 years required Carleton College 3 years required, 4 years recommended (emphasis on writing) Centre College 4 years recommended Georgia Tech 4 years required Harvard University 4 years recommended MIT 4 years required NYU 4 years required (emphasis on writing) Pomona College 4 years recommended Smith College 4 years required Stanford University 4 years recommended (emphasis on writing and literature) UCLA 4 years required University of Illinois 4 years required University of Michigan 4 years required (at least 2 rigorous writing courses are recommended) Williams College 4 years recommended Requirements for Non-Native Speakers of English If you attended all four years of high school at an institution where all of the instruction was conducted in English, you will have fulfilled the English admissions requirement for most colleges. This assumes you took an English class every year  and those classes were not remedial. Thus, even if English is not your first language, you will have successfully demonstrated your proficiency without further testing.   If your high school instruction was in a language other than English, you will most likely need to demonstrate your proficiency through standardized testing. One of the most common and popular options is the TOEFL,  the Test of English as a Foreign Language. A good score on the TOEFL will be necessary to demonstrate that you have mastered English enough to succeed in college. The TOEFL, however, is rarely the only option for proving that your English language skills are satisfactory. Many colleges and universities will also accept scores from the IELTS, International Language Testing System. Scores from AP, IB, ACT, and SAT exams are also used by some colleges to help them assess an applicants language proficiency. Sources:Carleton College: https://www.carleton.edu/admissions/apply/steps/criteria/MIT:  http://mitadmissions.org/apply/prepare/highschoolNYU:  https://www.nyu.edu/admissions/undergraduate-admissions/how-to-apply/all-freshmen-applicants/high-secondary-school-preparation.htmlStanford University:  https://admission.stanford.edu/apply/selection/prepare.html  UCLA:  admission.ucla.edu/Prospect/Adm_fr/fracadrq.htm​  Williams:  https://admission.williams.edu/apply/​

Operating System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Operating System - Essay Example (e.g. for a system call). This mechanism is used to prevent programming mistakes with system resources. It also shares common system resources in an appropriate manner under OS control. It prevents accessibility to protected memory segments. It also identifies instructions that can cause error conditions and inconsistent system state. Memory location of interrupt handler that signifies interrupts and also will save them in a queue if multiple interrupts are in processing, is called interrupt vector. The interrupt vector is a matrix of pointers to specific interrupt-handling routines. A hardware part that is called the device controller along with any device makes up the computer system. The device controllers basically acts as an interface between the device and the OS of that computer. Device controllers is also responsible of transferring data from other devices that controls it and the local buffers. To store and execute necessary commands in device controller, registers and buffers are integrated in the device controller. To provide interface between a device controller and OS, there is a device driver in OS that presents a steady interface into the device. First the device driver is introduced in to the OS to which the device is to be connected and then User and the system can exchange data with help of device through the device itself. In multiprocessor, two copies of the same data may reside in the local cache of each CPU. If one of the CPU changes the data, the Caches of the other cache coherency includes. Storing the data in multiple caches signifies one of the best ways of storing data. In this kind of shared memory, there is different cache memory for each of the processors. It is possible that many copies of one direction operand would exist on multiple caches that would exist on different processors. If one copy is changed, all the copies that are present on the other

Petroleum paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Petroleum paper - Essay Example It is believed that the heat converted the remains of the animals and sea-plants trapped on the seabed to petroleum. When refined, petroleum separates into various fractions of useful hydrocarbons. Thus, petroleum is not beneficial in the raw form. The economic resource category of the petroleum is the land. The common petroleum products and derivatives, which average American family uses and interacts with include shoe polish, nail polish, lipstick, toothpaste, antiseptics, shampoos, mineral spirits, dyes, insecticides, and crayons. The products and derivatives satisfy the needs of the American families in many ways. Toothpaste is a petroleum derivative, and every American uses the product on a daily basis. Americans use the toothpaste to clean their teeth. In effect, the toothpaste protects the teeth against cavities, yellowing, as well as accumulation of tartar. It removes the bacteria that tend to grow on teeth and cause gum disease and cavities. Shoe polish comprises of turpentine, naphtha, and dyes. The product is used to polish, as well as shine leather shoes. Shoe polish protects, maintains, restores, and improves the appearance of the footwear. Every American use shoe polish daily. Nail polish contains petroleum constituents such as adhesive polymers, plasticizers, and pigments. People use the polish to decorate their nails. The nail polish is a key product in the cosmetic industry, and average American uses it. The scientific name for clove is Cinnamomum verum. The product has antiseptic, as well as analgesic effects. Clove cleans open wounds and surfaces of objects such as toilets. Thus, the Americans use clove as a therapeutic agent against deadly microorganisms. The main uses of shampoo entail removal of dirt, oils, dandruff, skin particles, and contaminants that accumulate in the hair. In effect, shampoo protects the hair and makes it manageable. The product is useful in the cosmetic and beauty industry. Mineral spirit is a

President Bushs War on Iraq Essay examples -- Argumentative Persuasiv

President Bush's War on Iraq Introduction: Since the war on Iraq began on March 20, 2003, at least 1,402 coalition troops have died and 9,326 U.S. troops have been wounded in action. This is no small number and the count grows daily. One would hope, then, that these men and women were sent to war with just cause and as a last resort. However, as the cloud of apprehension and rhetoric surrounding the war has begun to settle, it has become clear that the Bush administration relied on deeply flawed analyses to make its case for war to the United Nations and to the American people, rushing this country, and its soldiers, into war. This is not to say that this war was waged against a blameless regime or that our soldiers have died in vain. Rather, that the Bush administration took advantage of the vulnerability and solidarity of the American people following the attacks of September 11 to create an environment in which any scrutiny of the justifications given for war was deemed unpatriotic and a threat to our nation’s security. In this way, the war, and Bush’s bid to maintain power through the 2004 election, went forward despite evidence that the reasoning behind going to war was, at best, misleading. The Case for War: The case for war put forward by the Bush administration rested on the establishment of Iraq as an imminent threat to the United States’ national security (see Table 1), which could only be lessened by attacking Iraq and toppling Saddam Hussein’s regime. In outlining the Iraqi threat, the Bush administration brought together two incidents—the September 11 attacks by Al-Qaeda and U.N. efforts to disarm Iraq following the Gulf War—which in reality had nothing to do with one another. The logic went ... ...ushed forth their own war by misleading the American public into believing an Iraqi threat was imminent and by taking advantage of the willingness of the American people to find strength in their American identity following the attacks of September 11. In such a climate, the path to war was not laid down by reason or necessity, but by the hawkish vision of those in power, who by coupling fear and nationalistic sentiments with a questionable body of intelligence, convinced the majority of the American people and their elected representatives that the time for war was now and the cause of war was just. In the face of such self-serving leadership, it is up to the American people to take back their democracy. The first step is to rekindle the spirit behind Thomas Paine’s reflection, â€Å"It is the responsibility of the patriot to protect his country from its government.†

Economics †product differentiation in monopoly Essay

Monopolies are firms that are the sole or dominant suppliers of a good or service in a given market. And what sets apart monopolies from competitive firms is â€Å"market power†- the ability of a firm to affect the market price. Price discrimination is the business practice of selling the same good at different prices to different customers, even though the cost of production is the same for all customers. Only monopolies can practice price discrimination, because otherwise competition would prevent price discrimination. Price discrimination increases the monopolist’s profits, reduces the consumer surplus and reduces the deadweight loss. (the buyers of the lower-priced product should not be able to resell the product to the higher-priced market. Otherwise, the monopoly will not be able to maintain price differentials. ) The monopolist must be able to identify segments of the market that are willing to pay different prices, and then market its products accordingly. A common technique to achieve this is by making it harder to get the lower prices, since wealthier consumers value their time more than their money. Some ways the monopolistic firms can implement discriminatory pricing are; †¢Linear Approximation Technique or Markup Pricing Technique †¢Personalized Pricing – extracting the maximum amount a customer is willing to pay for the product. †¢Coupons and Rebates – providing coupons to attract more customers or providing personalized discounts. †¢Bulk pricing – offering lower prices when customer buys a huge quantity of the same product. †¢Bundling – joining products or services together in order to sell them as a single combined unit. †¢Block pricing – Charging more for the first set of the product, then less for each additional product bought by the same consumer. †¢Group Pricing- charging different customers different price based on factors such as race, gender, age, abilities etc. and also â€Å"psychographic segmentation†- dividing consumers based on their lifestyle, personality, values, and social class. †¢Charging different prices based on geographic location. Some products may be cheaper to produce in different places and based on the cost of the good sold the monopolistic firm can charge different prices in order to maximize its profits. †¢Placing restrictions or other â€Å"inferior† characteristics on the low-price good or service, so as to make it sufficiently less attractive to the high price segment †¢Establishing a schedule of â€Å"volume discounts† (â€Å"block pricing†) such that only large-volume buyers (who may have more elastic demands) qualify †¢Using a two-part tariff, where the customer pays an up-front fee for the right to buy the product and then pays additional fees for each unit of the product consumed.